And how do I get to it? D:

I know, they went over it in the tutorial, but I completely forgot in the next second. I need to destroy this outpost but I don't know how. I think it might have to do with ships, so that's why I'm asking.

First you get to your ship by clicking on it... Then it will show you a travel path in which you can take the ship...
Seeing your situation I would take it back to your colony
Now with your other problem with the outpost it has to have been there for 24-48 ticks (depending on what world I think...) and you click on it and where you get a raze option is how you destroy it... That process also takes 3ticks...

Hope this helps

before you can send your ships to attack you must put your units in a ship. To do this, click on your unit or ctrl+click to select multiple units and click on the arrow.

A new prompt wil come up with the name of the ship. Leave the name or name it whatever you want. Once the ship is created you can follow the instructions of djfenix.