Listen I'm in a bit of a jam. All the colonies surrounding me have been conquered by someone else, leaving nothing but outposts. If I conquer outposts does it go to my score?

No attacking and taking control over a outpost gives you nothing but u can raz the outpost after you have 12 ticks of control over the op and get 300 metal 200 oil and 5 workers

The Outposts wont help your score, but they can gain resources if razed ( as said earlier )
If you have the structures and control ticks, you can also make them into something useful like a gate silo etc.